Image Description
Urothelial carcinoma-in-situ. This patient had to undergo cystectomy due to refractory CIS with diffuse involvement of urothelial mucosa that did not respond to multiple cycles of intravesical BCG and interferon therapy. Note the cellular anaplasia at higher magnification in the next image. In patients undergoing cystectomy for refractory CIS, microinvasive disease is found in 15%-25% of cases. Microinvasive is defined as focus < 2 mm in size.