Horseshoe Kidney : Associated Anomalies

Associated Anomalies: Horseshoe kidney has been associated with a number of congenital anomalies and syndromes, some of which result in stillbirth or death in early infancy. It may occur in the setting of neural tube defects, VATER syndrome (vertebral, anorectal, trachoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies), Turner syndrome (60% of patients), and caudal regression syndrome. Genitourinary anomalies seen in association with horseshoe kidney include: hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicorunate uterus, and septate vagina.